Monday, 25 February 2013

a

BibliOdyssey

Sunday, February 10, 2013

Fables de Florian

1930s book illustrations by Benjamin Rabier



title page / frontispiece to Rabier's children's fable book : happy animals image + title text



monochromatic table of contents to kid's book with anthropomorphic cartoon animals around the border



bordered cartouche of cartoon smiling animals around donkey



monkeys + peacock illustrated as background to a children's book poem about them



various comic-like animal caricatures interspersed with a poem



illustrated lion, tiger + bear vignettes adjacent to verse



monotone kid's book poem with comicesque prints of crocodiles and fish around the margins



caricature scenes of farm animals with human expression next to verse



poem and illustrated scenes of kangaroo rat and mother with child



monochrome illustration vignettes of cats surrounding kid's book poem



cartoon scenes of fox and henhouse + verse



monochromatic endpapers embellished with all different types of animals with anthropomorphic human-like facial expressions



butterfly + insect related cartoon vignettes alongside a children's book page of verse



B&W cartoon print in kid's book of various scenes with child and dog next to a poem



ducks, fish + fishing in cartoon scenes next to poetic verse



illustrated children's book cover with happy animals and a child around a brook


The (translated) list of anthropomorphic fables in this Benjamin Rabier-illustrated version of Florian's original 18th century children's tales:
The cat and the mirror - Beef horse and donkey - Carp and carpillons - The cowboy and the gamekeeper - The Cat and the bezel - The blind and the lame - Mother the child and opossums - The Mole and rabbits - the sheep and the dog - The Cricket - The monkey magic lantern shows - The brouvreuil and raven - The young and the old hen fox - The child and the mirror - Two cats - horse and foal - The hedgehog and rabbit - The Phoenix - The cat and the sparrow - The linnet - The fox preaches - monkeys and leopard - Wild boar and nightingales - The rhinoceros and camel - The squirrel, the dog and the fox - Hare, her friends and two deer - Peacock, both goslings and diving - the monkey, the monkey and nuts - fox disguised - The owl, cat, rat and goose - The parrot confident - The snake and leech - The Parrot - The cats and rats - both farmers and the cloud - Leopard and squirrel - The lion and leopard - The dog - The donkey and the flute - The rabbit and Teal - The crocodile and sturgeon - The wasp bee - The warbler and nightingale.

Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian (1755-1794) was a French poet, romance and comedy writer, fabulist and pastoral novelist. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1788. Florian is best remembered for his children's fable verses, drawing from both traditional sources such Aesop as well as his own imagination.

Florian was arrested and imprisoned during the French Revolution and managed to avoid the guillotine during Robespierre's Reign of Terror. However, he died a year later at 39 years of age from an illness while still in jail.

Florian's most famous line might well be:
"Rira bien qui rira le dernier" or "He who laughs last, laughs best!"

Posted by peacay at 2:13 am 4 comments



Monday, February 04, 2013

Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem

This is one of the finest collections of 17th century cartographical prints and drawings in existence. Joan Blaeu's original 'Atlas Maior' (Great Atlas) from the 1660s was substantially expanded into something of a personal world geo-encyclopaedia in the following decade by the Amsterdam lawyer, Laurens van der Hem, while continuing a visual style established by Blaeu. The gargantuan ~50 volume series -- housed today in the Austrian National Library in Vienna -- includes more than 2400 maps, charts, sketches and birds-eye-views of towns, buildings and harbours, seascapes and landscapes, with the occasional portrait of significant historical figures.



naval battle off coast of Goa, India - hand-painted 17th cent. engraving

Goa {India}
The Dutch appeared in the Indian waters around Goa in the 17th century and their blockades of the Portuguese territory was responsible for Goa's decline into poverty. Although the colony was never conquered by the Dutch, it became the last remaining city under Portuguese control on the west coast of India. [W]



Unnamed fort town
Unnamed fort town
[UPDATE: this is almost certainly Colombo, Sri Lanka. Here's a very similar version from around the same time, by one of the Vingboons (cartographic) family members [search page] Thank Will C!
"The history of the Dutch East India Company [or VOC: ‘Verenigde {United} Oostindische Compagnie], founded in 1602 and declared bankrupt in 1799, spans almost the whole of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. For much of this time it was the world’s largest trading company, owning, at the height of its wealth and power, more than half the world’s sea-going shipping. [..] 
The VOC played not only a key role in the history of the Netherlands, but also in that of the other states in which it was involved, from England, France, Spain and Portugal in Europe, to any number of principalities, sultanates and empires along the coasts of Asia, going as far as Japan and China, and including most of the coasts of India, Ceylon, Malaya and what is now Indonesia, to say nothing of the odd port of call in Africa. The VOC’s operations were entirely maritime, at least in principle, and, until late in the eighteenth century, its ports of call were in no sense part of a Dutch colonial empire." [source]
"It was also arguably the first megacorporation, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, coin money, and establish colonies. Statistically, the VOC eclipsed all of its rivals in the Asia trade. Between 1602 and 1796 the VOC sent almost a million Europeans to work in the Asia trade on 4,785 ships, and netted for their efforts more than 2.5 million tons of Asian trade goods. By contrast, the rest of Europe combined sent only 882,412 people from 1500 to 1795, and the fleet of the English (later British) East India Company, the VOC’s nearest competitor, was a distant second to its total traffic with 2,690 ships and a mere one-fifth the tonnage of goods carried by the VOC. The VOC enjoyed huge profits from its spice monopoly through most of the 17th century." [source]



Pecheli sive Peking Imperii Sinarum
Pecheli sive Peking Imperii Sinarum Provincia Prima
Blaeu produced the first western atlas of China, relying on information and drawings contributed by an Italian Jesuit missionary. Inexplicably,  this map* identifies Peking ( the modern Beijing) as 'Xuntien' (perhaps after the earlier 17th c. Merian map, based on Marco Polo's 12th c. accounts).
"[Jesuit] Father Martino Martini traveled through the region between 1643 and 1650. This was a period of great internal unrest and his was a perilous journey. He was able to travel inland to the Great Wall and for the first time determined with any scientific accuracy the astronomical position of many cities and topographical features. After establishing a mission in Zhejiang province he returned to Rome via Amsterdam, where he met Joan Blaeu. Blaeu then prepared a group of eight maps covering China in great detail." [source]



Imperii Sinarum Nova Descriptio
Imperii Sinarum Nova Descriptio
"A important general map of China, Korea and Japan, published by Joan Blaeu in the Jesuit Martino Martini's 'Atlas Sinensis' , the first western atlas of China. The discoveries of Joao de Goma and de Vries were incorporated into this map. Korea is no longer depicted as an island. This is the first map to name and show Hokkaido (Ezo) as an island to the north of Honshu. China is mapped with considerable accuracy for the period: even the Great Wall is shown. Martini was the Jesuit Superior in Hangchow and he collated surveys of all the regions of China which he brought back to Europe in 1654 for printing and publication." [source]



Japan (Dejima Island)
Ee Stadt Nangasacky met het Eylandt Schissima, in Japon
(part of the inscription is missing)
The city of Nagasaki and Dejima Island in Japan
"Dejima [meaning Exit] was an artificial island [completed in 1636] built in the shape of a fan with an area of about 13,000 square meters. It was built south of the current [Nagasaki] city center during the Edo Period in order to accommodate Portuguese Christian missionaries and prevent the propagation of their religion. It also used to be the residential quarters of the Dutch, the only foreigners allowed to trade in Japan during the Sakoku (Isolation) Period, and a Dutch Trading House operated on the island. For 200 years, until Japan reopened the country in the 19th century, Dejima was its only window to the world." [source see also: one | two | three]



Malacia
Malacca 
(a city* [aka: Melaka] and state in (the modern) country of Malaysia)



Fokien
Fokien Imperii Sinarum Provincia Undecima
Another Martino-Blaeu collaborative map. Fokien (Fujian) province* in China is shown opposite the tip of the island of Taiwan (the location/orientation is somewhat incorrect). The mainland map stretches from Whenzhou in the north to Fuzhou in the south.



Eylant Formosa Generael
Eijlant Formosa Generael
The contours of Formosa [Taiwan] and the Piscadores islands (in the south) on this map are identical to those in the Vingboons Atlas [this].



Taioan
Taioan
Bird's eye view of Tayouan [Taiwan] and Fort Zeelandia*. The survey image 
includes a legend identifying government buildings, markets, neighbourhoods etc.



Unnamed island
Unnamed island
About the Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem: -- "When the Latin edition of Joan Blaeu's 'Atlas Maior' was published in 1662, Laurens van der Hem (1621-1678) acquired a copy which he used as the base for an even more ambitious collection of maps, topographical drawings and prints.

Van der Hem arranged the sheets in the Atlas according to his own ideas, amplifying the volumes with more than 1800 maps, charts, townscapes, architectural prints, portraits, etc., many of them beautifully coloured by the well known specialist Dirck Jansz. Besides prints, the atlas also contains a wealth of drawings: maps, town and seascapes, renderings of foreign people etc. To enhance the harmony and unity of the whole, all the sheets were adapted to the size of the 'Atlas Maior'. If they were too wide, they were folded in; if they were too small, they were enlarged, and coloured in such a way that the transition from original print to enlargement became invisible; if the original sheets were too high, they were reduced in format, or cut into pieces, and separately pasted on blank leaves.

Among the most impressive of Van der Hem's additions to the 'Atlas Maior', is the set of four volumes of manuscript-maps and topographical drawings, which were originally made for the VOC (Dutch East India Company). These volumes are known as the *secret atlas of the VOC*. Van der Hem was one of the few private citizens to possess part of this confidential material. Other well known additions to the 'Atlas Maior' include the extensive series of topographical drawings, the majority of which was done by well known artists such as Willem Schellinks, Lambert Doomer, Jan Hackaert, and Reinier Nooms called Zeeman. Thus Van der Hem created an atlas which far extended the scope of Blaeu's original 'Atlas Maior'.

The 'Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem' contains an inestimable treasure of information, not only in the fields of geography and topography, but also in those of archaeology, architecture, sculpture, ethnography, folklore, heraldry, navigation, fortification and warfare, portraits of famous figures, techniques, public works, and many other aspects of seventeenth-century history, culture, and customs. Moreover, all this information is conveniently arranged in a unified manner. As one scholar put it: "the Atlas is a mirror of the geographical and geopolitical knowledge, available in one of the major trading-nations of the world in those days" [source]



Adriatnsz de Ruyter
De Heere Michiel Adriatnsz De Ruyter Ridder Lt Admirael
Over De Provintie Van Hollandt En Westfrieslandt {b&w version}
Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter is the most famous, and one of the most 
skilled, admirals in Dutch history, and is particularly renowned for 
his  role in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century. [W]



Dutch outrigger a
Dutch outrigger



Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico



Novi Belgii - Virginia
Novi Belgii Novaeque Angliae Nec Non Partis Virginiae Tabula 
(by Nicolaes Visscher)
"The map [..] included present day New England as well as New Jersey, New York, and Maryland and combines both Dutch and Indian place names. Scattered throughout the map are depictions of native flora and fauna: herons, beavers, wild turkeys, deer, rabbits, bears, muskrats, foxes, and wolves. Stockaded settlements and dugout canoes represent the Indian presence. At the bottom of the map is a striking inset view of New Amsterdam showing period houses, ships in the harbor, a windmill, and even a gallows! To either side of the inset are two female Indian figures, allegorical representations of America. [..]

During the seventeenth century, the Dutch produced both accurate and decorative maps that exemplified the Golden Age of cartography as demonstrated by the Jansson : Visscher series of maps depicting New England. While Jan Jansson's 1651 map entitled "Novi Belgii" is considered to be the first in the series, inaccuracies in the map led Claes Visscher to publish an updated map of the same title around 1655." [source] {See: large zoom/jpeg version of this map at Harvard U}


17th cent. hand-coloured engraving of Mexico
Forma y Levantado de la Ciudad de México
(Plan and elevation of Mexico City [looking East})
This is an identical copy of the original 1628 watercolour drawing (see here) sketched by the Spanish-Mexican architect, Juan Gómez de Trasmonte. His picture was made as a survey to prepare for expected flooding and was never meant to be published. (Trasmonte designed Mexico City's cathedral)



Fort Kismis
Pascaart vande Parsiaense Kust
Map of the north coast of the Persian Gulf
Qeshm is an Iranian island situated in the Strait of Hormuz* 
and the island fort is painted here as an inset



17th c. hand-coloured map of Ethiopia and north east africa
Aethiopia Superior vel Interior vulgo Abissinorum 
sive Presbiteri Joannis Imperium
NE Africa by Joan Blaeu [see zoom version] after his father,
Willem Janszoon Blaeu (his sources are listed below)
"The map shows a major section of central and eastern Africa including Mozambique north to present day Sudan. The map contains numerous rivers, villages and settlements throughout, and is highly embellished with elephants, ostriches and other animals within the map, as well as the decorative cartouche. The two Ptolemaic lakes of Zaire and Zaflan are in the lower portion of the map. Lake Niger, and the supposed course of the Niger River, is shown flowing westward.

This map is based on Ortelius' map of Prester John of 1573. The myth of Prester John, the good Christian King of Africa waging his own crusade and defeating the enemies of Christianity, was based upon earlier legends of the Crusaders and is a fascinating piece of early mythological cartographic history." [source]



St Helena
View of the island of St. Helena* showing the Dutch fleet.



Bay of Tanger
Bay of Tanger
(Bay of Tangier*, Morocco)



Johannes Mauritius
Johannes Mauritius
I believe this to be John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1679)
- appointed governor of the Dutch possessions 
in Brazil in 1636 by the Dutch West India Company

[The island nation of Mauritius (below), located in the Indian 
Ocean, was named after Maurice, Prince of Orange (d. 1625)]



Mauritius
Mauritius*

Note that the illustrated scene in the southern section of 
the island shows a man being crushed during a buffalo hunt



In 2011, the Dutch firm, Hes & De Graaf, completed publication of an 8-volume facsimile edition of the 'Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem'. The exquisite series is accompanied by a final volume:
"[It] contains contributions by Roelof van Gelder on the Atlas of Laurens van de Hem and his library, a detailed description of the life and works of the collector and the making of his Atlas; Truusje Goedings on the coloration of the Atlas; Erlend de Groot on the art historical aspects of a series of drawings from the Atlas; Peter van der Krogt on the Atlas Maior by Blaeu, which served as the point of departure for the Atlas; Benjamin Schmidt on the printed maps from the Atlas, and Dick Gaasbeek on the making of the facsimile of the Atlas, including a detailed description of the photography, the printing and the binding. Together with an introduction by Günter Schilder, this book further contains a catalogue with the numbers and titles of, and brief information on all the maps and images present in the 8 volumes of the facsimile."

Posted by peacay at 7:09 pm 0 comments



Tuesday, January 29, 2013

The Art of Swimming

Wherein naked early modernists
get wet in the name of science!
"While one reflects on those many and frequent Accidents, which thro' want of Swimming daily happen amongst us: Every one is ready to complain of the unhappiness of Man in that respect, in comparison of other Animals, to whom Nature has indulg'd that faculty, which he ought to enjoy in a more excellent degree, since it is so necessary to his Preservation.

But if we thoroughly consider the business, we shall find nothing more unreasonable than that complaint, since without doubt Man would not only Swim naturally like other Creatures, but also in more Perfection, and with more Variety, both for Pleasure and Advantage; otherwise there would not so many acquit themselves that way with such and admirable dexterity and address, as we daily see, which sufficiently demonstrates, that Man has naturally all those Dispositions which are requisite and necessary for it. [..]

This Art, which may be numbered among the Mechanick ones, since it is performed by Motion, and the Agitation of the Hands and Feet, has been hitherto exercised rather by a rude Imitation, than the Observation of any Rules or Precepts, by reason no on has taken the pains to reduce it to any; although it has always sufficiently deserved it, by the great advantages it brings to those who possess it, and in general to all Civil Societies, the consideration whereof ought to have made Men study to render it more easy to be learned, and more familiar to all men, since they may have so great occasion for it. [..]

To mention some few advantages of Swimming. In case of Shipwreck, if one is not very far from Shore, the Art of Swimming may set one safe there, and to save from being drowned. In case of being pursu'd by an Enemy, and meeting a River in ones way, you have the advantage of escaping two sorts of Death, by gaining the Shore on the other side, and so escaping from your Enemy, and from being drowned in the attempt of doing it.

But a good Swimmer may not only preserve his own Life, but several others also. An open vessel on the main sea, in a Storm may be kept from sinking by a good Diver; Or having lost her Anchors and Cables, and being ready to be cast on the Shore, may by him be haled thither, and avoid being dashed against the Rocks, and so the Lives of all in it saved; and the occasions of being thus helpful are only too frequent, as those who are used to the Seas very well know. By the same means one may attack an Enemy posted on the adverse sides of Rivers, and thereby sometimes gain a Victory. [..]

Before you go into the water, you ought to see that it be clear, that there be no scum or froth on the surface, what sort of bottom it has, that there be no weeds or mud, for one's feet may be entangled among the weeds, or one may sink into the mud, and the water coming over one's head, remain there, and be drowned.

Something yet remains to be observed before you enter into the water, in regard to stripping yourself. If you sweat when you come to the place you have chosen; or if you have sweat some time before you came, and are not quite cooled, you ought to strip by degrees, and that by walking to and fro on the shore, so that you may recover a good temperature, and by thus gradually stripping, the pores have leisure to close, and the body become in good condition, to be exposed to the air without any detriment to the health. After which you may enter into the water, and Swim according to the following precepts."

Melchisédec Thévenot in the introduction to 'L'Art de Nager' (1696), as it appeared in the 1699 translation, 'The Art of Swimming'.


woodcut of absurdist swimming technique - b&w swimmer illustration in Melchisédec Thévenot's L'Art de Nager after Everard Digby
Of the manner of entring into the water
"There are some who after a short Race fling themselves into the Water on their Right or Left side, as in Figure 4. Others taking several Leaps towards the Bank of the River, at last Leap in with their Feet foremost, Body upright, meeting the Water first with their Buttocks and Calves of their Legs, as in figure 5. This way is very safe and the best of all."



illustration in early modern swimming manual of nude man entering water feet first
Of the manner of entring into the water (3)
"Those who don't know how to Swim, ought to enter by degrees, and gently into the Water; but those who are expert oftentimes leap in all at once with their Feet perpendicular to the Bottom, as is represented in the first Figure."



unsophisticated illustration 1699 : man sitting down in river
To Sit in the Water
"Expert Swimmers can do whatever they please in the water; they can walk there, stand still upright, or lye still or sit down. To sit, you must take both your Legs in your Hands, draw in your Breath, and so keep your Breast inflated; your Head upright, and lifting up successively your Arms and Legs by that motion sustain your self."



crude woodcut of swimmer treading water
To tread Water
"By this way you remain upright in the water without making any motion with the hands, only you move the water round with your Legs from you, the Soals of your Feet being perpendicular to the bottom; you may make use of this if you are cast into the water bound hand and foot."



bizarre sketch of swimmer, nude on back, cutting toe nails
To cut the Nails of the Toes in the Water
"It is possible to perform actions in the Water, which one cannot do on Land; I my self have often brought my Great Toe to my Lips in the Water, which I could never do on Land, not on my bed. You must hold your knife in your right hand (if you are right-handed) and take up your left Leg, and lay the Foot on the right Knee; there you make take if from the left hand, and with the right cut your Nails without any danger. Thus you may also pick your Toes; and if this way has no other use or advantage, yet the dexterity of the management may serve to recommend it."



17th c. illustration of swimming technique
To swim with head erect towards heaven
"This way seems difficult, though it imitates the Posture they say is natural to Man, to look upwards; and if we knew how to make use of it, there would not be so many drowned as there daily are; for that happens, because, instead of looking upwards, they look downwards with their heads towards the bottom, and embrace the water, as it were with their arms, insomuch that one might say they did all they could on purpose to drown themselves.

If they would place themselves on their backs, and keep their bodies extended, they might easily escape, nay could not sink themselves in that posture if they would; this we find attested by experience; and I never yet met with any diver that could possibly descend in that posture, that is, with the head erect towards Heaven; and if they had a mind to it, they found themselves first obliged to elevate their arms upright to contract their thorax or breast; and when all this is done, find it very difficult to sink, though very slowly, and always come to the bottom with their feet first."



early modern swimming manual - technique illustration
To Swim on the belly holding both your hands still
"This is easily performed in the manner following. You must keep your Breast advancing forward, your Neck upright on the water, both your Hands fast behind your Head, or on your Back, while in the mean time your Legs and Thighs push you forward by the same motions you make when you Swim (as at other times) on your Belly. This way of Swimming may be useful, in case any accident, as the Cramp, &c. should happen to your Arms, or if you were forced on occasion to Swim with your Hands tyed behind you, on in case you were a Prisoner, and your Life or Liberty depended on it."



sketch of backstroke technique 1700s
To swim neither on back, nor belly
"Suppose you Swim on your Back, or Belly, lower of sink your left side, and at the same time elevate your right one. In Swimming, when you are thus laid, move your left hand as often as you see convenient, without either separating it far from your Body, or sinking it, perpetually striking it out and retracting it, as in a right line on the surface of the water. Besides the pleasure of swimming thus, you may also find an advantage by viewing as you please either side of a River, and that one side may rest while the other is employ'd."



book illustration of weird swimming technique
To Swim holding up the Hands
"While you Swim on your Back it is easie to put your hands to what use you please, but it is difficult to hold them upright, and Swim at the same time too. It would appear at first sight as if this were the most easy method we have yet taught. You must take care lest while you lift up your arms, the thorax or breast be not contracted, for so you sink. The whole art of this way of Swimming consists in heaving up the breast as high, and keeping it inflated as much as possible, while your arms are held up."



odd sketch of swimming style - 1700s
In swimming under water to make a circle
"When Swimmers go to search for any thing in the water, they Swim round about the place where the thing was cast in, if they do not find it immediately; by this sort of address they can take up any the least thing that is at the bottom.

The manner of making this compass or circle is thus: if you would begin in the Circle from the right hand, and end it at the left, you must grasp or embrace the water with both your hands from the right to the left, and exactly contrary if you would turn the other way; but when you have Dived perpendicularly down, and can't find what you went to seek, you will be obliged to take such a compass, but don't go so far as to lose the light; for when once that begins to fail you, it is a sign that you are either too deep, or under a Boat, or Shore, or something else that intercepts the light.

You must always take heed of venturing into such places; and if you should find yourself so engaged, call to mind whereabouts, or which way you came thither, and turn back the same way, looking upwards for the light: for you may see it a great way off: above all, take heed you don't go to breathe under water: In case you are afraid of any Enemy that should lay wait for you when you come up again, you must have recourse to the Agility of the Dolphin."




engraved swimmer illustration
Suspension by the chin
"You cannot easily imagine how this manner of Swimming is performed, it is indeed very surprising. By this means you may stand upright in the water though never so deep, without fear of sinking.

To make you comprehend it, you are to remember that when you Swim on your back, you lye still, your Legs being extended: When you find yourself in that posture, you must let your legs go down, or sink; and when they come to be perpendicular to the bottom, you must take them up again, bending your knees, inflating your Breast, and as to the Arms and Hands whereof the back-parts lye flat on the water by the shoulders, you must sometimes extend them on the one side, sometimes on the other, sometimes shut them, turning the Palms towards the bottom, the fingers close to one another, holding your Chin upright as possible.

This way which seems so surprising, is sometimes very useful; suppose at any time, the Ice should happen to break under your Feet, this way will be of vast advantage to secure yourself from the danger. It may also be very advantageous in case a man is obliged to save himself from some enemy pursuing, by leaping into the water in a dark night; for in that case, one may wait, without making any noise, till he is passed by, then go again on shore."



drawing of naked swimmer on back holding one leg out of water
To Boot ones self in the Water
"I call this way by the name of Booting or drawing on ones Boots, because the action very much resembles a Man doing so. You must first lift up one leg out of the water, and afterwards the other, and take the foot in your hands as those do who are drawing on their boots, and presently after let it go again, exending it out at length. The management of this way consists in keeping up your breast as high as you can, and as much inflated as possible, and also the one leg up out of the water while the other is continually playing downwards. This way may be very commodious for cleaning your Feet from mud."



book illustration of vertical dive into water
The Perpendicular Descent
"This is proper for those who leap off from any height into the water, as from a Bridge or Ship: This is performed by taking a little leap forwards, and sometimes upwards, that your descent may be more perpendicular, or swifter to the bottom, and also that your head may go perpendicularly downwards. This way is very Commodious, when you have a very deep water, and it cannot be performed after any more ready method, because of the difficulty of holding ones breath."



nude swimmer returning to water's surface - sketch
To come to the top of the water again, after having dived
"After you are at bottom, you may return with the same facility; which is performed much after the same way as we have taught before, to turn ones self in the water; the person who swims with one of his hands extended, must push from him the water before him with the palm, and with the cavity of the other palm drawing the water that is behind him, towards him; when your hand is extended as far as it can be, the fingers of the hand so extended, and the palm of that turned outwards, ought to shut or clench: the perfection of this way you'll see [..]."



swimming manual picture of man standing in water bent over with submerged hands, about to dive in
To Dive
"If Men sink to the bottom of the water, it is their own fault, nature has laid no necessity on 'em doing so; nay there is not only occasion for force and strength to come thither, but also Art to do is safely, speedily and handsomely, but those that are expert at Swimming do it, on occasion, as swift as an Arrow, and descend perpendicularly or obliquely as they please."



awkward swimmer pose in early modern swimming treatise
To shew out of the Water, four parts of the Body
"This manner shews at once four parts of the Body, viz. the Head, the two Elbows, and one Knee... Besides the management of this method, and the difficulty of doing it well, it is serviceable to rest your self by putting on Thigh across the other, and to take breath where the water is so deep that you cannot reach the bottom."



early modern swimming manual title page
'The Art of Swimming. Illustrated by proper figures. With advice for bathing. By Monsìeur Thevenot. Done out of French. To which is prefixed a prefatory discourse concerning artificial swimming, or keeping ones self above water by several small portable engines, in cases of danger'



On 'the history of swimming', in literature:
"Although Nicolaus Wynman wrote the first book on swimming, 'Colymbetes, Sive de Arte Natandi et Festivus et Iucundus Lectu' (Swabia, 1538), an earlier book, 'The Boke Named the Governour' by Sir Thomas Elyot (London, 1531), briefly discussed swimming as an important part of the education of gentlemen.

But it was Wynman's book, 'Colymbetes', that first instructed Europeans that the human stroke was the stroke 'which all must learn as the scientific stroke'. 'Colymbetes' is a little book in crabbed Latin, full of abbreviations and mistakes or misprints. Wynman, a German professor at Ingolstadt University, mentioned that the cogent reason for not learning to swim had been the mistaken belief that the souls who are confined to hell have to cross the river Styx by swimming. If they cannot swim, how would they cross?

Within the next 50 years, two more books of note followed. 'Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus Romae' (History of the Northern People) by Olaus Magnus was published in Rome in 1555 and discussed swimming among other leading customs of northern people. The other book was 'De Arte Natandi' (The Art of Swimming) by Sir Everard Digby, published in England in 1587 but written in Latin because it was considered vulgar in certain quarters to write in English. Both books advocated breaststroke in preference to the more primitive forms of swimming that existed at the time.

Had Digby written in his own language, as Elyot did, his book would have sold better and also been too well known to have been so readily plagiarized or translated without permission. As it was, Digby's work was translated three times: twice into English and once into French. The French edition was translated into German, Spanish and Italian. An abbreviated translation of Digby's work was published in 1595 by Middleton. Another, published in 1658, professing to be the original, was an almost literal translation by Percey, who claimed it to be his own work.

Next, Melchisédec Thévenot translated Digby's original Latin work, 'De Arte Natandi', into French, and it was published in Paris under the title 'L'Art de Nager' in 1696, four years after Thévenot's death. In 1699, 'The Art of Swimming', translated back into English from 'L'Art de Nager', was published in London, the translator never suspecting that Thévenot was not the original author because Thévenot was always given credit for it. Even that great scholar, Benjamin Franklin, who got to the root of most things he touched, quotes Thévenot without the slightest suspicion that the original author was English.

Thévenot described swimming 'as an old sport which hitherto had not received the invesigation necessary to improve in efficiency'. During Thévenot's time, breaststroke was still considered the scientific stroke in Europe. Thévenot's book was regarded as the authoritative work on 'scientific swimming', as it was called then, and was reprinted in 1764 and 1772.

In recognition of Thévenot's perceived preeminence among swimming authors during a century when swimming was considered a health hazard, Thévenot was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1990, nearly 300 years after his translation of Digby's work had been published. Although Thévenot was a recognized scholar in many fields, a stronger case can be made for Digby's inclusion in the International Swimming Hall of Fame. [..]

The more recent evolution of swimming in Western culture is ably recorded by several outstanding authorities, and especially so in the classic descriptions by Steedman (1867), Wilson (1883), Sinclair and Henry (1903) and Carlile (1963)."

Quote (very slightly abbreviated) from 'Breakthrough Swimming' by Cecil Colwin, 2002 {Amazon | Google} - note that this historical section seems to be a scanned inclusion and may, or may not, be by Colwin himself.
Maggs Bros. has a copy of 'The Art of Swimming' for £2600:
"Although this work is translated from Thevenot's 'L'Art de Nager' work the text is derived one of the earliest books to appear on the subject, Everard Digby's 'De Arte Natandi' (London, 1578) "whereof I have here made some use" as Thevenot admits in the preface. Digby's text was "gathered" or adapted into English by Christopher Middleton as 'A Shorte Introduction for to Learne to Swim' (London, 1595). William Percey's 'The Compleat Swimmer' (London, 1658) is also adapted from Digby's text, although without acknowledgement.The charming plates are careful reversed copies from the first edition of Thevenot's version (Paris, 1696) which were derived in turn from the woodcuts in Digby's 1578 text and illustrate how to enter the water, dive, perform a number of strokes or maneouvres such as "the Leap of the Goat" and "the Agility of the Dolphin", float and even how to cut one's toenails while floating. Thevenot was the first to describe the breaststroke which was to become the most common stroke for centuries."
  • All the images above are screenshots and those with black borders were spliced together from a few screenshots. Some staining has been removed or reduced in the background. The images come from *Capital Collections - The Image Library of Edinburgh City Libraries and Museums and Galleries* - I am grateful to the Edinburgh Libraries Twitter account @TalesofOneCity for inadvertently pointing out this site. [Capital Collections homepage]
  • The Wellcome Library hosts more than 40 modest-sized woodcut illustrations from 'De Arte Natandi' (1587) by Everard Dibgy. (the book translated by Thévenot from which the illustrations above were derived)
  • Wikipedia biography: "Melchisédech Thévenot (1620-1692) was a French author, scientist, traveler, cartographer, orientalist, inventor, and diplomat. He was the inventor of the spirit level and is also famous for his popular 1696 book The Art of Swimming, one of the first books on the subject.."
  • De Anza College History of Swimming section.
  • The History of Swimming [W]
  • One suggestion that appears in some of the online commentary about Thévenot is that he was a well renowned scholar and the fact that his French translation of Digby's work appeared 4 years after his death (and the English edition 3 years after that) suggests that Thévenot himself was probably not responsible for the active plagiarism of Digby's work. Thévenot quite likely did the translation for his own betterment or as an academic exercise, as it were, and other, less than scrupulous people, exploited this later on.
  • Googlebooks has a scan of the 3rd Ed. of 'The Art of Swimming' - the text quotes above come from here (I somehow have a pdf copy of this version which was supplied to the Google maw by the John Johnson Collection | Bodleian Libraries at Oxford University). And my apologies to anyone aggrieved by the non-appearance of the long-ſ; it was omitted by accident from copy/pasting an initial ſ-less section, and then it was a matter of staying consistent.

Posted by peacay at 12:48 pm 1 comments



 
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